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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS);faqs.461 Some exceptional panalphabetic word lists with letters in reverse alpha order: Using words from 9C: lazy ox ow vug tsar quip on milk jib hag fed cab a (13 words, 38 letters) lazy ox wave uts reequip on milk jihad gifted cabal (10 words, 42 letters) Using words from 9C and NI3: lazy ox ow vug tsar quip on milk jib hag fed caba (12 words, 38 letters) lazy ox wave uts roque pon milk jihad gifted caba (10 words, 40 letters) Using words from 9C, NI3 and NI2: zo yex wu vug tsar quip on milk jib hag fed caba (12 words, 37 letters) zo yex wave uts roque pon milk jihad gifted caba (10 words, 39 letters) All words are main entries in 9C except the following: 9C: ghi (at 'ghee') NI3: caba, fyrd, jak, opaquers, pon, qre(s), squdgy, uva NI3+: jimp, QRS (at 'QRS complex'), sklim, vox (at 'vox populi'), yez NI2: benzoxycamphors, jackbox, limnophil, quick-flowing, yex, zo NI2+: def, juventude, klam, quar, qvint, struv, tu, wuz OED: defyghe (at 'defy'), bij (at 'buy'), hij, nop, uvrow (at 'yuffrouw'), XYZ (at 'X') The first time I saw this pangram was in Gyles Brandeth's _The Joy of Lex_. It appeared there as: Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex Bud. (7 words, 28 letters, proper noun.) I always wondered why they didn't try modifying it as: Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex buds. (7 words, 29 letters, no proper noun.) However, why fast dances would irritate incipient flowers is beyond me, so I tried again: Waltz, dumb nymph, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 29 letters, no proper noun, makes more sense.) However, sounds kind of sexist, and we can maybe chop off a letter and eliminate the sexism, although suffering some loss of sense: Waltz, bud nymph, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, makes less sense.) There are river nymphs and tree nymphs and mountain nymphs, so there can be nymphs of the aforementioned incipent flowers, right? Sense is a matter of opinion, so you can move the bud around or turn it into another imperative verb rather than a noun-as-adjective: Waltz, nymph, bud, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, sense is dubious.) [We've all heard of budding youth, right?] Waltz, nymph, for quick bud jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, sense is dubious.) [Yeah, we've all learned to dance a merry jig that looks like one of those infamous incipient flowers.] Dub waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, came up with this on the spot and actually it looks pretty good!) [The idea being that a nymph, being in control of the soundtrack for a TV sitcom, has to change the music to which a grandmother is listening, from something from Ireland to something from Strauss.] -- Stephen Joseph Smith <sjsmith@cs.umd.edu> It is fairly straightforward, if time-consuming, to search for minimal pangrams given a suitable lexicon, and the enclosed program does this. The run time is of the order of 20 MIPS-days if fed `Official Scrabble Words', a document nominally listing all sufficiently short words playable in tournament Scrabble in Britain. I also enclose a lexicon which will reproduce the OSW results much more quickly. The results are dominated by onomatopoeic interjections (`pst', `sh', etc.), and words borrowed from Welsh (`cwm', `crwth') and Arabic (`qat', `suq'). Other lexicons will contain a very different leavening of such words, and yield a very different set of pangrams. Readers are invited to form sentences (or, less challenging, newspaper headlines) from these pangrams. Few are amenable to this sort of thing. -- Steve Thomas -----cut-----here----- #include <stdio.h> #include <ctype.h> extern void *malloc (); extern void *realloc (); long getword (); #define MAXWORD 26 int list[MAXWORD]; int lp; struct list { struct list *next; char *word; }; struct word { long mask; struct list *list; } *w; int wp; int wsize; char wordbuf[BUFSIZ]; char *letters = "qxjzvwfkbyhpmgcdultnoriase"; int cmp (ap, bp) struct word *ap, *bp; { char *p; long a = ap->mask, b = bp->mask; for (p = letters; *p; p++) { long m = 1L << (*p - 'a'); if ((a & m) != (b & m)) if ((a & m) != 0) return -1; else return 1; } return 0; } void * newmem (p, size) void *p; int size; { if (p) p = realloc (p, size); else p = malloc (size); if (p == NULL) { fprintf (stderr, "Out of memory\n"); exit (1); } return p; } char * dupstr (s) char *s; { char *p = newmem ((void *)NULL, strlen (s) + 1); strcpy (p, s); return p; } main (argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { long m; int i, j; while ((m = getword (stdin)) != 0) { if (wp >= wsize) { wsize += 1000; w = newmem (w, wsize * sizeof (struct word)); } w[wp].mask = m; w[wp].list = newmem ((void *)NULL, sizeof (struct list)); w[wp].list->word = dupstr (wordbuf); w[wp].list->next = (struct list *)NULL; wp++; } qsort (w, wp, sizeof (struct word), cmp); for (i = 1, j = 1; j < wp; j++) { if (w[j].mask == w[i - 1].mask) { w[j].list->next = w[i - 1].list; w[i - 1].list = w[j].list; } else w[i++] = w[j]; } wp = i; pangram (0L, 0, letters); exit (0); } pangram (sofar, min, lets) long sofar; int min; char *lets; { register int i; register long must; if (sofar == 0x3ffffff) { print (); return; } for (; *lets; lets++) if ((sofar & (1 << (*lets - 'a'))) == 0) break; must = 1 << (*lets - 'a'); for (i = min; i < wp; i++) { if (w[i].mask & sofar) continue; if ((w[i].mask & must) == 0) continue; list[lp++] = i; pangram (w[i].mask | sofar, i + 1, lets); --lp; } } long getword (fp) FILE *fp; { long mask, m; char *p; char c; while (fgets (wordbuf, sizeof (wordbuf), fp) != NULL) { p = wordbuf; mask = 0L; while ((c = *p++) != '\0') { if (!islower (c)) break; m = 1L << (c - 'a'); if ((mask & m) != 0) break; mask |= m; } if (c == '\n') p[-1] = c = '\0'; if (c == '\0' && mask) return mask; } return 0; } print () { int i; for (i = 0; i < lp; i++) { struct word *p = &w[list[i]]; struct list *l; if (p->list->next == NULL) printf ("%s", p->list->word); else { printf ("("); for (l = p->list; l; l = l->next) { printf ("%s", l->word); if (l->next) printf (" "); } printf (")"); } if (i != lp - 1) printf (" "); } printf ("\n"); fflush (stdout); } -----and-----here----- ankh bad bag bald balk balks band bandh bang bank bap bard barf bark bed beds beg bend benj berk berks bez bhang bid big bight bilk bink bird birds birk bisk biz blad blag bland blank bled blend blight blimp blin blind blink blintz blip blitz block blond blunk blunks bod bods bog bok boks bold bond bong bonk bonks bop bord bords bosk box brad brank bred brink brinks brod brods brog brogh broghs bud bug bugs bulk bulks bump bumps bund bunds bung bungs bunk bunks burd burds burg burgh burghs burk burks burp busk by ch crwth cwm cwms dab dag dak damp dap deb debs debt deft delf delfs delft delph delphs depth derv dervs dhak dib dig dight dink dinks dirk disk div divs dob dobs dog dop dorp dowf drab draft drib dribs drip drop drub drubs drunk drunks dub dug dugs dung dunk dunks dup dusk dwarf dzo dzos fad fag falx fank fard fax fed fend fends fenks fez fib fid fig fight fink firk fisk fix fiz fjord fjords flab flag flak flank flap flax fled fleg flex flight flimp flip flisk flix flog flogs flong flongs flop flops flub flump flumps flung flunk flux fob fobs fog fogs fold folds folk folks fond fonds fop fops ford fords fork forks fox frab frank frap fremd fright friz frog frond frump frumps fub fud fug fugs fund funds funk funks fy fyrd fyrds gab gad gamb gamp gap gawk gawp ged geld gib gid gif gild gink gip gju gjus gled glib glid glift glitz glob globs glyph glyphs gob god gold golf golfs golp golps gonk gov govs gowd gowf gowfs gowk gowks graft graph grub grypt gub gubs gulf gulfs gulp gulph gulphs gunk gup gym gymp gyp gyps hadj hank hyp hyps jab jag jak jamb jap jark jerk jerks jib jibs jig jimp jink jinks jinx jird jirds jiz job jobs jog jogs jud juds jug jugs junk junks jynx kang kant kaw keb kebs ked kef kefs keg kelp kemb kemp kep kerb kerbs kerf kerfs kex khan khud khuds kid kids kif kifs kight kild kiln kilp kind kinds king kip klepht knag knight knob knobs knub knubs kob kobs kond kop kops kraft krantz kranz kvetch ky kynd kynds lav lev lez link luz lynx mawk nabk nth pad park pawk pax ped peg pegh peghs pelf pelfs penk perk perv pervs phang phiz phlox pig pight pix pleb plebs pled plight plink plod plongd plonk pluck plug plumb plumbs plunk ply pod polk polks pong pork pox poz prex prod prof prog pst pub pud pug pugh pulk pulks punk pyx qat qats qibla qiblas quark quiz sh skelf skid skrump skug sphinx spiv squawk st sunk suq swiz sylph tank thilk tyg vamp van vang vant veg veld velds veldt vend vends verb verbs vet vex vibs vild vint vly vox vug vugs vuln waltz wank welkt whack zag zap zarf zax zed zek zeks zel zig zigs zimb zimbs zing zings zip zips zit zurf zurfs ==> english/phonetic.letters.p <== What does "FUNEX" mean? ==> english/phonetic.letters.s <== FUNEX? (Have you any eggs?) SVFX. (Yes, we have eggs.) FUNEM? (Have you any ham?) SVFM. (Yes, we have ham.) FUMNX? (Have you ham and eggs?) S,S:VFM,VFX,VFMNX! (Yes, yes: we have ham, we have eggs, we have ham and eggs!) CD ED BD DUCKS? (See the itty bitty ducks?) MR NOT DUCKS! (Them are not ducks!) OSAR, CDEDBD WINGS? (Oh yes they are, see the itty bitty wings?) LILB MR DUCKS! (Well I'll be, them are ducks!) In Spanish: SOCKS. (Eso si que es.) ==> english/piglatin.p <== What words in pig latin also are words? ==> english/piglatin.s <== cess -> essay coke -> okay lawn -> onlay lout -> outlay lover -> overlay plover -> overplay plunder -> underplay sass -> assay stout -> outstay trash -> ashtray wear -> airway wonder -> underway ==> english/pleonasm.p <== What are some redundant terms that occur frequently (like "ABM missile")? ==> english/pleonasm.s <== 11.5% APR ABM missile ABS system AC current ACT tests AMOCO Oil Co. APL programming language ATM macine BASIC Code BBS System CAD design CNN news network DC current DMZ zone DOS operating system GMT time Geirangerfjorden (Fjord Fjord Fjord) HIV virus ISBN number ISDN network LCD display LED diode La Brea Tar Pits Los Altos Hills (The Hills Hills) MIDI Interface Mount Fujiyama (Mount Mountain) NATO organization NFS File System PCV valve PIN number RAM (or ROM) memory Ruidoso River (Noisy River River) SALT talks SAT test SCSI Interface SEATO organization VIN number floccinoccinihlipilification (from 4 latin words meaning "nothing") hoi polloi (a genuine bilingual redundancy) hot water heater ==> english/plurals/collision.p <== Two words, spelled and pronounced differently, have plurals spelled the same but pronounced differently. ==> english/plurals/collision.s <== axe and axis -> axes base and basis -> bases ellipse and ellipsis -> ellipses ==> english/plurals/doubtful.number.p <== A little word of doubtful number, a foe to rest and peaceful slumber. If you add an "s" to this, great is the metamorphosis. Plural is plural now no more, and sweet what bitter was before. What am I? ==> english/plurals/doubtful.number.s <== cares -> caress ==> english/plurals/drop.s.p <== What plural is formed by DROPPING the terminal "s" in a word? ==> english/plurals/drop.s.s <== necropolis -> necropoli ==> english/plurals/endings.p <== List a plural ending with each letter of the alphabet. ==> english/plurals/endings.s <== Legend 0 = plural formed (basically) by adding letter 1 = plural spelled differently from singular 2 = ditto, plural contains punctuation 3 = plural spelled the same as singular All entries are from Merriam-Webster's Ninth Collegiate Dictionary, except those marked "(NI3)", which are from the Third International. Entries in brackets are probable dictionary artifacts. A 0 VAS VASA B 1 SLUBBI SLEYB (NI3) C 0 CALPULLI CALPULLEC (NI3) D 2 GRANT-IN-AID GRANTS-IN-AID E 0 ALA ALAE F 1 SHARIF ASHRAF (NI3) G 0 AIRE AIRIG (NI3) H 0 LIRA LIROTH I 0 BAN BANI J 1 KHARIJITE KHAWARIJ (NI3) K 0 PULI PULIK L 1 ARMFUL ARMSFUL M 0 GOY GOYIM N 0 KRONE KRONEN O 2 DERRING-DO DERRINGS-DO (NI3) [1 MEO MIAO/MIXTECA MIXTECO/PAPIOPIO PAPIO/SUMU SUMO (NI3)] P 2 AIDE-DE-CAMP AIDES-DE-CAMP Q 3 QARAQALPAQ QARAQALPAQ (NI3) R 0 KRONE KRONER S 0 A AS T 0 MATZO MATZOT U 0 HALER HALERU V 3 TIV TIV (NI3) W 2 SON-IN-LAW SONS-IN-LAW [1 KWAPA QUAPAW (NI3)] X 0 EAU EAUX Y 0 GROSZ GROSZY Z 3 HERTZ HERTZ ==> english/plurals/french.p <== What English word, when spelled backwards, is its French plural? ==> english/plurals/french.s <== state/etats ==> english/plurals/man.p <== Words ending with "man" make their plurals by adding "s". ==> english/plurals/man.s <== caiman doberman German human leman ottoman pitman Pullman Roman shaman talisman ==> english/plurals/switch.first.p <== What plural is formed by switching the first two letters? ==> english/plurals/switch.first.s <== falaj -> aflaj (Chambers English Dictionary) ==> english/portmanteau.p <== What are some words formed by combining together parts of other words? ==> english/portmanteau.s <== Such words are called "Portmanteau" words. Here is a very incomplete list: beefalo beef, buffalo brunch breakfast, lunch chortle chuckle, snort fantabulous fantastic, fabulous flare flame, glare flounder flounce, founder glimmer gleam, shimmer glitz glamour, ritz liger lion, tiger motel motor, hotel smash smack, mash smog smoke, fog squiggle squirm, wiggle tangelo tangerine, pomelo tigon tiger, lion **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/potable.color.p <== Find words that are both beverages and colors. ==> english/potable.color.s <== burgundy champagne chartreuse chocolate claret cocoa coffee cream midori (Japanese for green. Does Japanese count?) rose wine ==> english/rare.trigraphs.p <== What trigraphs (three-letter combinations) occur in only one word? ==> english/rare.trigraphs.s <== Here is a list of all the trigraphs which occur exactly once in the union of _Official Scrabble Words_ (First Edition), the _Official Scrabble Players Dictionary_ and _Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (Second Edition)_, together with the words in which they occur. The definition of "word" is a problematic. For example, lots of words starting deoxy- contain the trigraph `eox', but no others do. Should `eox' be on the list? Common words are marked with a *. aae baaed adq*headquarter headquarters ajs svarajs aqs talaqs bks nabks bze subzero cda ducdame dph*headphone headphones dsf*handsful dts veldts dzu kudzu kudzus ekd*weekday weekdays evh evhoe evz evzone evzones exv sexvalent ezv*rendezvous fhu cliffhung fjo fjord fjords fsp*offspring offsprings gds smaragds ggp*eggplant eggplants gnb signboard signboards gnp*signpost signposted signposting signposts gnt sovereignty gty hogtying gza*zigzag zigzagged zigzagging zigzaggy zigzags hds camanachds hky droshky hlr kohlrabi kohlrabies kohlrabis hrj lehrjahre hyx asphyxia asphyxias asphyxiate asphyxies asphyxy itv mitvoth iwy skiwy ixg sixgun jds slojds jje hajjes jki pirojki pirojki jym jymold kky yukky ksg*thanksgiving kuz yakuza kvo mikvoth kyj*skyjack skyjacked skyjacker skyjackers skyjacking skyjackings skyjacks llj killjoy killjoys lmd filmdom filmdoms ltd*meltdown meltdowns lxe calxes lzy schmalzy mds fremds mfy comfy mhs ollamhs mky dumky mmm dwammming mpg*campground mss bremsstrahlung muo muon muonic muonium muoniums muons nhs sinhs njy benjy nuu continuum obg hobgoblin hobgoblins ojk pirojki okc*bookcase bookcases ovk sovkhoz sovkhozes sovkhozy pev*grapevine grapevines pfs dummkopfs php ephphatha pss topssmelt pyj pyjama pyjamaed pyjamas siq physique physiques slt juslted smk besmkes spb*raspberries raspberry spt claspt swy swythe syg*easygoing szy groszy tux*tux tuxedo tuxedoes tuxedos tuxes tvy outvying tzu tzuris ucd ducdame vho evhoe vkh sovkhoz sovkhozes sovkhozy sovkhos vly vly vns eevns voh evohe vun avuncular wcy gawcy wdu*sawdust sawdusted sawdusting sawdusts sawdusty wfr bowfront wft ewftes xeu exeunt xgl foxglove foxgloves xiw taxiway taxiways xls cacomixls xtd nextdoor xva sexvalent yks bashlyks yrf gyrfalcon gyrfalcons ysd paysd yxy asphyxy zhk pirozhki zow zowie zwo*buzzword buzzwords zzs*buzzsaw ==> english/records/pronunciation/silent.p <== What words have an exceptional number of silent letters? ==> english/records/pronunciation/silent.s <== longest sequence BROUGHAM (4, UGHA) for each letter AISLE, COMB, INDICT, HANDSOME, TWITCHED, HALFPENNY, GNOME, MYRRH, BUSINESS, MARIJUANA, KNOCK, TALK, MNEMONIC, AUTUMN, PEOPLE, PSYCHE, CINQCENTS, FORECASTLE, VISCOUNT, HAUTBOY, PLAQUE, FIVEPENCE, WRITE, TABLEAUX, PRAYER, RENDEZVOUS homophones, for each letter O(A)R, LAM(B), S(C)ENT, LE(D)GER, DO(E), WAF(F), REI(G)N, (H)OUR, WA(I)VE, HAJ(J)I, (K)NOT, HA(L)VE, PRIM(M)ER, DAM(N), J(O)UST, (P)SALTER, ?, CAR(R)IES, (S)CENT, TARO(T), B(U)Y, ?, T(W)O, ?, RE(Y), BIZ(Z) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/pronunciation/spelling.p <== What words have exceptional ways to spell sounds? ==> english/records/pronunciation/spelling.s <== same spelling, different sound -OUGH (7) BOUGH, COUGH, DOUGH, HICCOUGH, LOUGH, ROUGH, THROUGH different spelling, same sound AIR (9) AIR, AIRE, ARE, AYR, AYER, E'ER, ERE, ERR, HEIR **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/pronunciation/syllable.p <== What words have an exceptional number of letters per syllable? ==> english/records/pronunciation/syllable.s <== longest for each number of syllables one SCRAUNCHED [SQUIRRELLED (11)] two SCRATCHBRUSHED (14) one, for each letter ARCHED, BROUGHAMS, CRAUNCHED, DRAUGHTS, EARTHED, FLINCHED, GROUCHED, HAUNCHED, ITCHED, JOUNCED, KNIGHTS, LAUNCHED, MOOCHED, NAUGHTS, OINKED, PREACHED, QUETCHED, REACHED, SCRAUNCHED, THOUGHTS, UMPHS, VOUCHED, WREATHED, XYSTS, YEARNED, ZOUAVES two, for each letter ARCHFIENDS, BREAKTHROUGHS, CLOTHESHORSE, DRAUGHTBOARDS, EARTHTONGUES, FLAMEPROOFED, GREATHEART, HAIRSBREADTHS, INTHRALLED, JUNETEENTHS, KNICKKNACKS, LIGHTWEIGHTS, MOOSETONGUES, NIGHTCLOTHES, OUTSTRETCHED, PLOUGHWRIGHTS, QUICKTHORNS, ROUGHSTRINGS, SCRATCHBRUSHED, THROATSTRAPS, UNSTRETCHED, VERSESMITHS, WHERETHROUGH, XANTHINES, YOURSELVES, ZEITGEISTS shortest for each number of syllables two AA three AREA (4) [O'IO (3)] four IEIE (4) five OXYOPIA (7) six ONIOMANIA [AMIOIDEI (8)] seven EPIDEMIOLOGY (12) [OMOHYOIDEI (10)] eight EPIZOOTIOLOGY nine EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL (16) ten EPIZOOTIOLOGICALLY twelve HUMUHUMUNUKUNUKUAPUAA (21) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/spelling/longest.p <== What is the longest word in the English language? ==> english/records/spelling/longest.s <== The longest word to occur in both English and American "authoritative" unabridged dictionaries is "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis." The following is a brief citation history of this "word." New York Herald Tribune, February 23, 1935, p. 3 "Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis succeeded electrophotomicrographically as the longest word in the English language recognized by the National Puzzlers' League at the opening session of the organization's 103d semi-annual meeting held yesterday at the Hotel New Yorker. The puzzlers explained that the forty-five-letter word is the name of a special form of silicosis caused by ultra-microscopic particles of siliceous volcanic dust." Everett M. Smith (b. 1/1/1894), President of NPL and Radio News Editor of the Christian Science Monitor, cited the word at the convention. Smith was also President of the Yankee Puzzlers of Boston. It is not known whether Smith coined the word. "Bedside Manna. The Third Fun in Bed Book.", edited by Frank Scully, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1936, p. 87 "There's been a revival in interest in spelling, but Greg Hartswick, the cross word king and world's champion speller, is still in control of the situation. He'd never get any competition from us, that's sure, though pronouncing, let alone spelling, a 44 letter word like: Pneumonoultramicrosopicsilicovolkanakoniosis, a disease caused by ultra-microscopic particles of sandy volcanic dust might give even him laryngitis." It is likely that Scully, who resided in New York in February 1935, read the Herald Tribune article and slightly misremembered the word. Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary, 1936 Both "-coniosis" and "-koniosis" are cited. "a factitious word alleged to mean 'a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust' but occurring chiefly as an instance of a very long word." Webster's first cite is "-koniosis" in the addendum to the Second Edition. The Third Edition changes the "-koniosis" to "-coniosis." I conjecture that this "word" was coined by word puzzlers, who then worked assiduously to get it into the major unabridged dictionaries (perhaps with a wink from the editors?) to put an end to the endless squabbling about what is the longest word. ==> english/records/spelling/most.p <== What word has the most variant spellings? ==> english/records/spelling/most.s <== catercorner There's eight spellings in Webster's Third. catercorner cater-cornered catacorner cata-cornered catty-corner catty-cornered kitty-corner kitty-cornered If you look in Random House, you will find one more which doesn't appear in Web3, but it only differs by a hyphen: cater-corner --- Dan Tilque -- dant@techbook.com ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/deletion.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by deletion of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/deletion.s <== longest beheadable word P(REDETERMINATION) (16/15) longest for each letter (6-88,181,198,213,13-159,14-219,15-155,16-96,220, 17-85) APATHETICALLY, BLITHESOME, CHASTENING, DEMULSIFICATION, EMOTIONLESSNESS, FUTILITARIANISM, GASTRONOMICALLY, HEDRIOPHTHALMA, IDENTIFICATION, JUNCTIONAL, KINAESTHETIC, LIMITABLENESS, METHYLACETYLENE, NEOPALEOZOIC, OENANTHALDEHYDE, PREDETERMINATION, QUINTA, REVOLUTIONARILY, SELECTIVENESS, TREASONABLENESS, UPRAISER, VINDICATION, WHENCEFORWARD, XANTHOPHYLLITE, YOURSELVES, ZOOSPORIFEROUS longest beheadable down to a single letter PRESTATE (8) longest curtailable word (not a plural) (BULLETIN)G (9) longest curtailable down to a single letter LAMBASTES longest alternately beheadable and curtailable word ASHAMED (7) longest arbitrarily beheadable and curtailable (all subsequences words) SHADES (6) longest terminal ellision word D(EPILATION)S (11) longest letter subtraction down to a single letter STRANGLING, STRANGING, STANGING, STAGING, SAGING, AGING, GING, GIN, IN, I longest charitable word (subtract letter anywhere) PLEATS: LEATS,PEATS,PLATS,PLEAS,PLEAT shortest stingy word (no deletion possible) PRY (3) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/insertion.and.deletion.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by both insertion and deletion of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/insertion.and.deletion.s <== longest word both charitable and hospitable AMY: AM,AY,MY;GAMY,ARMY,AMOY,AMYL shortest word both stingy and hostile IMPETUOUS (9) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/insertion.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by insertion of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/insertion.s <== longest hydration (double reheadment) (D,R)EVOLUTIONIST (12/13) longest hospitable word (insert letter anywhere) CARES: SCARES, CHARES, CADRES, CARIES, CARETS, CARESS shortest hostile word (no deletion possible) SYZYGY (6) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/movement.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by movement of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/movement.s <== longest word allowing exchange of letters (metallege) CONSERVATIONAL, CONVERSATIONAL longest head-to-tail shift SPECULATION, PECULATIONS longest double head-to-tail shift STABLE-TABLES-ABLEST longest complete cyclic transposal ATE-TEA-EAT (3) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/substitution.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by substitution of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/substitution.s <== longest onalosi (substitution in every position possible) PASTERS: MASTERS,POSTERS,PALTERS,PASSERS,PASTORS,PASTELS,PASTERN shortest isolano (no substitution possible) ECRU longest word, all letters changed to other letters in minimum number of steps, yielding another word THUMBING-THUMPING-TRUMPING-TRAMPING- TRAPPING-CRAPPING-CRAPPIES-CRAPPOES longest word girders BADGER/SUNLIT, BUDLET/SANGIR (6) longest word with full vowel substitution CL(A,E,I,O,U)CKING (8) also Y D(A,E,I,O,U,Y)NE (4) longest words with vowel substitutions DESTRUCTIBILITIES, DISTRACTIBILITIES (17) longest word constant-letter-shifted to another PRIMERO-SULPHUR (7) arithmetical-letter-shifted DREAM-ETHER (5) constant-shift-with-transposal (shiftgrams) AEROPHANE-SILVERITE (9) longest word pair shifted one position on typewriter keyboard WAXIER-ESCORT (6) longest word pair confusable on a telephone keypad AMOUNTS-CONTOUR (7) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/transposition.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by transposition of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/transposition.s <== longest reversal DESSERTS,STRESSED (8) longest well-mixed transposal CINEMATOGRAPHER, MEGACHIROPTERAN (15) longest transposition list APERS, APRES, ASPER, PARES, PARSE, PEARS, PRASE, PRESA, RAPES, REAPS, SPARE, SPEAR (12) ANGRIEST, ANGRITES, ASTRINGE, GAIRTENS, GANISTER, GANTRIES, GRANITES, INGRATES, RANGIEST, TEARINGS (10) [SATING(ER), SIGNATE(R), TANGIER(S) (3)] ANORETICS, ATROSCINE, CANOTIERS, CERTOSINA, CONARITES, CREATIONS, REACTIONS, TRICOSANE (8) transposition with deletion, insertion, or substitution longest well-mixed transdeletion SONOLUMINESCENCES, UNECONOMICALNESSES (17/18) longest word transdeletable to a single letter CONCENTRATIONS-CONSTERNATION-CONTORNIATES-TRANSECTION- STENTORIAN-TRANSIENT-ENTRAINS-NASTIER-ASTERN-TEARS-SATE-TEA-AT-A (14) longest Baltimore transdeletion (word transdeletable on every letter) IDOLATERS: DELATORS, SOTERIAL, DILATERS, ASTEROID, STOLIDER, SOREDIAL, DILATORS, DIASTOLE, TAILORED (9) shortest word that cannot be transadded to another word SYZYGY (6) longest well-mixed transubstitution MICROELECTROPHORESIS, SPECTROCOLORIMETRIES (20) **** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961.